今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

1037. Campos, M.L. et al. (2016). Rewiring of jasmonate and phytochrome B signalling uncouples plant growth-defense tradeoffs. Nat. Commun. 7: 12570.

1038. Hibara, K. et al. (2016). Jasmonate regulates juvenile-adult phase transition in rice. Development 143: 3407–3416.

1039. Tameshige, T. et al. (2016). A secreted peptide and its receptors shape the auxin response pattern and leaf margin morphogenesis. Curr. Biol. 26: 2478–2485.

1040. Moreira, X., Nell, C.S., Katsanis, A., Rasmann, S., and Mooney, K.A. (2016). Herbivore specificity and the chemical basis of plant–plant communication in Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae). New Phytol. in press.

1041. Xuan, T.D., Minh, T.N., Anh, L.H., and Khanh, T.D. (2016). Allelopathic momilactones A and B are implied in rice drought and salinity tolerance, not weed resistance. Agron. Sustainable Dev. 36: 52.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

1034. Ilc, T. et al. A grapevine cytochrome P450 generates the precursor of wine lactone, a key odorant in wine. New Phytol. in press.

1035. Knoch, E., Motawie, M.S., Olsen, C.E., Møller, B.L., and Lyngkjær, M.F. Biosynthesis of the leucine derived α-, β- and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant J. in press.

1036. Singh, V., Sharma, V., and Katara, P. (2016). Comparative transcriptomics of rice and exploitation of target genes for blast infection. Agri Gene 1: 143–150.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

1029. Kang, H., and Kim, K.-Y. (2016). Sakuranetin inhibits inflammatory enzyme, cytokine, and costimulatory molecule expression in macrophages through modulation of JNK, p38, and STAT1. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2016: 9824203.

1030. Brütting, C. et al. Changes in cytokinins are sufficient to alter developmental patterns of defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata. Plant J. in press.

1031. Lan, W. et al. Tricin-lignins: occurrence and quantitation of tricin in relation to phylogeny. Plant J. in press.

1032. Hind, S.R. et al. (2016). Tomato receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 3 binds flgII-28 and activates the plant immune system. Nat. Plants 2: 16128.

1033. Wang, J. et al. The thioredoxin MoTrx2 protein mediates ROS balance and controls pathogenicity as a target of the transcription factor MoAP1 in Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

夏休み終了＆今週の輪読

茨城大学は 8 月中旬から 9 月末までが授業の夏休み期間になっています．来週からは後期の授業開始です．

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

1024. Holbrook-Smith, D., Toh, S., Tsuchiya, Y., and McCourt, P. (2016). Small-molecule antagonists of germination of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. Nat. Chem. Biol. 12: 724–729.

1025. Sha, Y., Wang, Q., and Li, Y. (2016). Suppression of Magnaporthe oryzae and interaction between Bacillus subtilis and rice plants in the control of rice blast. SpringerPlus 5: 1238.

1026. Sornkom, W. et al. Fluorescent reporter analysis revealed the timing and localization of AVR-Pia expression, an avirulence effector of Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

1027. Luo, J. et al. (2016). OsSNAP32, a SNAP25-type SNARE protein-encoding gene from rice, enhanced resistance to blast fungus. Plant Growth Regul. 80: 37–45.

1028. George, T.S., Dou, D., and Wang, X. (2016). Plant–microbe interactions: manipulating signals to enhance agricultural sustainability and environmental security. Plant Growth Regul. 80: 1–3.

大学院入試＆今週の輪読

今日は茨城大学大学院農学研究科の大学院入試が実施されました．例年の大学院入試は 8 月上旬にあるのですが，来年度からは従来の 3 専攻から 1 専攻への改組されるため，その影響でこの時期の入試になりました．

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

1021. Luo, D. et al. (2016). Oxidation and cyclization of casbene in the biosynthesis of Euphorbia factors from mature seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113: E5082–E5089.

1022. Liu, M. et al. (2016). Crystal structure analysis and the identification of distinctive functional regions of the protein elicitor MoHrip2. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1103.

1023. Hutin, M. et al. Ectopic activation of the rice NLR heteropair RGA4/RGA5 confers resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak diseases. Plant J. in press.

勝間田駿君の論文が Chemistry & Biodiversity 誌に掲載

修士課程 1 年生の勝間田駿君が筆頭著者でスイス Wiley-VHCA 社の英文学術雑誌 Chemistry & Biodiversity に投稿していた論文が 9/16 にアクセプトされ，9/19 には Wiley Online Library で Accepted Manuscript が公開されました．

Katsumata, S., Hamana, K., Horie, K., Toshima, H., and Hasegawa, M. Identification of sternbin and naringenin as detoxified metabolites from the rice flavanone phytoalexin sakuranetin by Pyricularia oryzae. Chem. Biodiversity in press.

この論文ではイネのフラボノイド系フィトアレキシンであるサクラネチンがイネいもち病菌によってステルンビンとナリンゲニンに代謝されることを明らかにしています．代謝されたステルンビンとナリンゲニンのいもち病菌に対する抗菌活性はサクラネチンよりも低く，いもち病菌はサクラネチンをステルンビンやナリンゲニンに代謝することによって解毒している可能性が考えられます．イネは抗菌活性物質であるフィトアレキシンを作って病原菌の感染拡大を抑えていると考えられていますが，病原菌もフィトアレキシンを解毒することによって植物に対抗しているのかもしれないと我々は推測しています．

この研究は第二著者の修士課程修了生濱名一穂君の修士論文研究を勝間田君が引き継いで卒業論文研究で完成させた結果です．

研究室旅行，研究室セミナー，7/25 〜 9/16 の輪読

しばらくブログ更新をサボってしまいました

9/13 に生物制御化学研究室・化学生態学研究室合同で日帰りの研究室旅行に行ってきました．残念ながら戸嶋先生と何名かの学生が不参加でしたが，
あしかがフラワーパーク，佐野ラーメン工場見学（休憩中で操業していなくて残念），イタリアンバイキングの昼食，ぶどう狩りというバスツアーに参加してきました．バスに乗るときは大雨で先が危ぶまれたのですが，訪問先に着いた時には幸い雨も上がってくれました．

あしかがフラワーパークでは睡蓮が見頃ということでしたが，ポツポツ咲いているだけで，ややフラワー成分は少なめでした．

7/29 の研究室セミナーの文献紹介の担当は 4 年生の西脇さんで下記の論文を紹介しました．
Bundó, M., and Coca, M. (2016). Enhancing blast disease resistance by overexpression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK4 in rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14: 1357–1367.

8/5 は化学生態学研究室 4 年生の高須さんの担当で下記の論文を紹介しました．
Liu, Z. et al. (2016). Repression of callus initiation by the miRNA-directed interaction of auxin–cytokinin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 87: 391–402.

7/25 〜 9/16 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

990. Chen, X.-L. et al. Peroxisomal fission is induced during appressorium formation and is required for full virulence of the rice blast fungus. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

991. Fang, C. et al. (2016). Role of allene oxide cyclase in the regulation of rice phenolic acids synthesis and allelopathic inhibition on barnyardgrass. Plant Growth Regul. 79: 265–273.

992. Sharpee, W. et al. Identification and characterization of suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) genes from Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

993. Kitaoka, N., Wu, Y., Zi, J., and Peters, R.J. Investigating inducible short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases clarifies rice oryzalexin biosynthesis. Plant J. in press.

994. Seo, S. et al. (2016). L-Histidine induces resistance in plants to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum partially through the activation of ethylene signaling. Plant Cell Physiol. 57: 1932–1942.

995. Khan, N.U., Liu, M., Yang, X., and Qiu, D. (2016). Fungal elicitor MoHrip2 induces disease resistance in rice leaves, triggering stress-related pathways. PLoS ONE 11: e0158112.

996. Fuentes, P. et al. (2016). A new synthetic biology approach allows transfer of an entire metabolic pathway from a medicinal plant to a biomass crop. eLife 5: e13664.

997. Peng, M. et al. (2016). Evolutionarily distinct BAHD N-acyltransferases are responsible for natural variation of aromatic amine conjugates in rice. Plant Cell 28: 1533–1550.

998. Carere, J. et al. Enzyme-driven metabolomic screening: a proof-of-principle method for discovery of plant defence compounds targeted by pathogens. New Phytol. in press.

999. Machado, R.A.R., McClure, M., Hervé, M.R., Baldwin, I.T., and Erb, M. (2016). Benefits of jasmonate-dependent defenses against vertebrate herbivores in nature. eLife 5: e13720.

1000. Breen, S., Williams, S.J., Winterberg, B., Kobe, B., and Solomon, P.S. Wheat PR-1 proteins are targeted by necrotrophic pathogen effector proteins. Plant J. in press.

1001. Li, X. et al. (2016). The systemic acquired resistance regulator OsNPR1 attenuates growth by repressing auxin signaling and promoting IAA-amido synthase expression. Plant Physiol. 172: 546–558.

1002. Zhang, C. et al. (2016). Suppression of jasmonic acid-mediated defense by viral-inducible microrna319 facilitates virus infection in rice. Mol. Plant 9: 1302–1314.

1003. Casas, M.I. et al. (2016). Identification and characterization of maize salmon silks genes involved in insecticidal maysin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 28: 1297–1309.

1004. Yang, Z. et al. (2016). Metabolome analysis of Oryza sativa (rice) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterizing organ specificity of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 64: 952–956.

1005. De Bruyne, L. et al. (2016). Comparative chemical screening and genetic analysis reveal tentoxin as a new virulence factor in Cochliobolus miyabeanus, the causal agent of brown spot disease on rice. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17: 805–817.

1006. Vaughan, M.M. et al. (2016). Interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and drought on the maize phytochemical defense response against mycotoxigenic Fusarium verticillioides. PLoS ONE 11: e0159270.

1007. Shine, M.B. et al. Cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean. New Phytol. in press.

1008. Kothari, K.S., Dansana, P.K., Giri, J., and Tyagi, A.K. (2016). Rice stress associated protein 1 (OsSAP1) interacts with aminotransferase (OsAMTR1) and pathogenesis-related 1a protein (OsSCP) and regulates abiotic stress responses. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1057.

1009. Sakoda, C.P.P. et al. (2016). Sakuranetin reverses vascular peribronchial and lung parenchyma remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Acta Histochem. 118: 615–624.

1010. Kumagai, M. et al. (2016). Rice varieties in archaic East Asia: reduction of its diversity from past to present times. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33: 2496–2505.

1011. Nagano, M. et al. (2016). Plasma membrane microdomains are essential for Rac1-RbohB/H-mediated immunity in rice. Plant Cell 28: 1966–1983.

1012. Smith, J.D., Woldemariam, M., Mescher, M.C., Jander, G., and De Moraes, C.M. (2016). Glucosinolates from host plants influence parasitic plant growth and susceptibility to herbivores. Plant Physiol. 172: 181–197.

1013. Yang, T. et al. (2016). A stilbenoid-specific prenyltransferase utilizes dimethylallyl pyrophosphate from the plastidic terpenoid pathway. Plant Physiol. 171: 2483–2498.

1014. Fang, C. et al. Control of leaf senescence by a MeOH-jasmonates cascade that is epigenetically regulated by OsSRT1 in rice. Mol. Plant in press.

1015. Yao, R. et al. (2016). DWARF14 is a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone. Nature 536: 469–473.

1016. Machado, R.A.R. et al. (2016). Auxin is rapidly induced by herbivory attack and regulates systemic, jasmonate-dependent defenses. Plant Physiol. 172: 521–532.

1017. Otaka, J., Seo, S., and Nishimura, M. (2016). Lutein, a natural carotenoid, induces α-1,3-glucan accumulation on the cell wall surface of fungal plant pathogens. Molecules 21: 980.

1018. Handrick, V. et al. (2016). Biosynthesis of 8-O-methylated benzoxazinoid defense compounds in maize. Plant Cell 28: 1682–1700.

1019. Ray, S. et al. (2016). Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae genome reveals a fungal effector, which is able to induce resistance response in transgenic rice line containing resistance gene, Pi54. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1140.

1020. Moselhy, S.S. et al. (2016). Spermidine, a polyamine, confers resistance to rice blast. J. Pestic. Sci. 41: 79–82.

茨城大学オープンキャンパス，研究室セミナー，7/12 〜 7/22 の輪読

7/23（土）には水戸キャンパスで茨城大学オープンキャンパスが開催され，生物制御化学研究室の大学院生の勝間田君と北村君が農学部相談コーナーでポスターによる研究発表を行いました．多くの高校生や保護者の皆さんが研究についての説明を熱心に聞かれていました．

7/15 の研究室セミナーの文献紹介では，4 年生の大垣君が下記の論文について発表しました．
Das, S., and Ramana, C.V. (2015). A formal total synthesis of (–)-kumausallene. Tetrahedron 71: 8577–8584.

7/12-7/22 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

982. Uji, Y. et al. Overexpression of OsMYC2 results in the upregulation of early JA-responsive genes and bacterial blight resistance in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. in press.

983. Maeda, S., Hayashi, N., Sasaya, T., and Mori, M. (2016). Overexpression of BSR1 confers broad-spectrum resistance against two bacterial diseases and two major fungal diseases in rice. Breed. Sci. 66: 396–406.

984. Francisco, M. et al. (2016). The defense metabolite, allyl glucosinolate, modulates Arabidopsis thaliana biomass dependent upon the endogenous glucosinolate pathway. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 774.

985. Wei, Y. et al. (2016). Comparative transcriptional profiling of melatonin synthesis and catabolic genes indicates the possible role of melatonin in developmental and stress responses in rice. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 676.

986. Miyamoto, K. et al. Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine is required for the production of a flavonoid phytoalexin but not diterpenoid phytoalexins in ultraviolet-irradiated rice leaves. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. in press.

987. Molla, K.A. et al. (2016). Tissue specific expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 gene in rice for sheath blight resistance without compromising phenotypic. Plant Sci. 250: 105–114.

988. Huangfu, J. et al. (2016). The transcription factor OsWRKY45 negatively modulates the resistance of rice to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17: 697.

989. Willett, C.D. et al. (2016). Benzoxazinone-mediated triazine degradation: a proposed reaction mechanism. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 4858–4865.

研究室セミナー & 6/27 〜 7/8 の輪読

7/1 の研究室セミナーの文献紹介では，4 年生の大橋さんが下記の論文について発表しました．
Takeda, N. et al. (2015). Gibberellins interfere with symbiosis signaling and gene expression and alter colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol. 167: 545–557.

7/8 の研究室セミナーの文献紹介では，化学生態学研究室 4 年生の伊與田君が下記の論文について発表しました．
Tatsukami, Y., and Ueda, M. (2016). Rhizobial gibberellin negatively regulates host nodule number. Sci. Rep. 6: 27998.

6/27-7/8 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

972. Liu, X. et al. (2016). Isolation and identification of potential allelochemicals from aerial parts of Avena fatua L. and their allelopathic effect on wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 3492–3500.

973. Akram, W., Anjum, T., and Ali, B. (2016). Phenylacetic acid is ISR determinant produced by Bacillus fortis IAGS162, which involves extensive re-modulation in metabolomics of tomato to protect against Fusarium wilt. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 498.

974. Zhong, Z. et al. (2016). Directional selection from host plants is a major force driving host specificity in Magnaporthe species. Sci. Rep. 6: 25591.

975. Eguchi, Y. et al. (2016). Identification of terpenoids volatilized from Thymus vulgaris L. by heat treatment and their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 94: 83–89.

976. Zhou, L.-J. et al. (2016). Antifungal activity of Eucalyptus oil against rice blast fungi and the possible mechanism of gene expression pattern. Molecules 21: 621.

977. Yoshida, K. et al. (2016). Host specialization of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is associated with dynamic gain and loss of genes linked to transposable elements. BMC Genomics 17: 1–18.

978. Singh, R. et al. (2016). Magnaporthe oryzae effector AVR-Pii helps to establish compatibility by inhibition of the rice NADP-malic enzyme resulting in disruption of oxidative burst and host innate immunity. Mol. Cells 39: 426–438.

979. Lou, Y.-R., Bor, M., Yan, J., Preuss, A.S., and Jander, G. (2016). Arabidopsis NATA1 acetylates putrescine and decreases defense-related hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Plant Physiol. 171: 1443–1455.

980. Liu, J. et al. (2106). Alternative splicing of rice WRKY62 and WRKY76 transcription factor genes in pathogen defense. Plant Physiol. 171: 1427–1442.

981. Kure, A. et al. (2016). Metabolic fate of luteolin in rats: its relationship to anti-inflammatory effect. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 4246–4254.

研究室セミナー＆今週の輪読

6/21 の研究室セミナーは都合により 2 名の文献紹介を実施しました．

化学生態学研究室修士 2 年の鈴木君は下記の論文について発表しました．
Li, X.-J. et al. (2016). DWARF overexpression induces alteration in phytohormone homeostasis, development, architecture and carotenoid accumulation in tomato. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14: 1021–1033.

修士 2 年の渡邉さんは下記の論文について発表しました．
Anabuki, T., Tsukahara, M., Matsuura, H., and Takahashi, K. (2016). Tandem photoaffinity labeling of a target protein using a linker with biotin, alkyne and benzophenone groups and a bioactive small molecule with an azide group. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 80: 432–439.

6/20-24 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

967. Shibata, Y. et al. The full-size ABCG transporters Nb-ABCG1 and Nb-ABCG2 function in pre- and post-invasion defense against Phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell in press.

968. Miyamoto, K. et al. Evolutionary trajectory of phytoalexin biosynthetic gene clusters in rice. Plant J. in press.

969. Okada, K. et al. (2016). HpDTC1, a stress-inducible bifunctional diterpene cyclase involved in momilactone biosynthesis, functions in chemical defence in the moss Hypnum plumaeforme. Sci. Rep. 6: 25316.

970. Ray, S. et al. (2016). Turnabout is fair play: herbivory-induced plant chitinases excreted in fall armyworm frass suppress herbivore defenses in maize. Plant Physiol. 171: 694–706.

971. Cook, S.D. et al. Auxin biosynthesis: Are the indole-3-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid biosynthesis pathways mirror images. Plant Physiol. in press.

丹羽杯ソフトボール大会，研究室セミナー，5/23 〜 6/17 の輪読

しばらくブログ更新をサボってしまいました．

6/4（土）には学科の研究室対抗ソフトボール大会丹羽杯が開催されました．研究室対抗と言っても，最近は研究室が教員一人一人の単位で運営されていて，研究室単位ではチームが成り立たなくなってしまっているので，チームを作るために適当な合同チームで実施されています．生物制御化学研究室も一研と二研は別のチームに入って参加しています．今年は一研の入っているチームが優勝，二研の入っているチームが準優勝と大変優秀な成績だったようです．

5/26 の研究室セミナーの文献紹介の担当は修士 1 年の北村君で，紹介した論文は Markovič, M., Lopatka, P., Koóš, P., and Gracza, T. (2015). First total synthesis of natural andytriol and a biomimetic approach to varioxiranes. Tetrahedron 71: 8407–8415 でした．6/2 は修士 1 年の勝間田君の担当で，紹介した論文は Piotrowski, J.S. et al. (2015). Plant-derived antifungal agent poacic acid targets β-1,3-glucan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112: E1490–E1497 でした．6/9 は化学生態学研究室修士 2 年の横山さんの担当で，紹介した論文は Katz, E. et al. (2015). The glucosinolate breakdown product indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 82: 547–555 でした．

5/23-6/17 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

947. Liu, S., Bartnikas, L.M., Volko, S.M., Ausubel, F.M., and Tang, D. (2016). Mutation of the glucosinolate biosynthesis enzyme cytochrome P450 83A1 monooxygenase increases camalexin accumulation and powdery mildew resistance. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 227.

948. Vannini, C. et al. (2016). An interdomain network: the endobacterium of a mycorrhizal fungus promotes antioxidative responses in both fungal and plant hosts. New Phytol. 211: 265–275.

949. Zhang, T. et al. (2016). Hormone crosstalk in wound stress response: wound-inducible amidohydrolases can simultaneously regulate jasmonate and auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot. 67: 2107–2120.

950. Yamamoto, K. et al. (2016). Cell-specific localization of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus stem tissue measured with Imaging MS and Single-cell MS. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113: 3891–3896.

951. Yuan, J., Sun, K., Deng-Wang, M.Y., and Dai, C. (2016). The mechanism of ethylene signaling induced by endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 mediating sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 361.

952. Zhang, N. et al. (2016). Melatonin improved anthocyanin accumulation by regulating gene expressions and resulted in high reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity in cabbage. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 197.

953. Drira, R., and Sakamoto, K. (2016). Sakuranetin induces melanogenesis in B16BL6 melanoma cells through inhibition of ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Phytother. Res. 30: 997–1002.

954. Tanabe, K., Hojo, Y., Shinya, T., and Galis, I. Molecular evidence for biochemical diversification of phenolamide biosynthesis in rice plants. J. Integr. Plant Biol. in press.

955. Choi, H.W. et al. (2016). Activation of plant innate immunity by extracellular High Mobility Group Box 3 and its inhibition by salicylic acid. PLoS Pathog. 12: e1005518.

956. Lan, W. et al. (2016). Maize tricin-oligolignol metabolites and their implications for monocot lignification. Plant Physiol. 171: 810–820.

957. Park, C.H. et al. (2016). The E3 ligase APIP10 connects the effector AvrPiz-t to the NLR receptor Piz-t in rice. PLoS Pathog. 12: e1005529.

958. Marin, A.M. et al. Genetic and functional characterisation of a novel meta-pathway for degradation of naringenin in Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1. Environ. Microbiol. in press.

959. Jia, M., Potter, K.C., and Peters, R.J. (2016). Extreme promiscuity of a bacterial and a plant diterpene synthase enables combinatorial biosynthesis. Metab. Eng. 37: 24–34.

960. Llorens, E., Camañes, G., Lapeña, L., and García-Agustín, P. (2016). Priming by Hexanoic acid induce activation of mevalonic and linolenic pathways and promotes the emission of plant volatiles. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 495.

961. Masachis, S. et al. (2016). A fungal pathogen secretes plant alkalinizing peptides to increase infection. Nature Microbiology 1: 16043.

962. Xu, J. et al. (2016). Pathogen-responsive MPK3 and MPK6 reprogram the biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and their derivatives in Arabidopsis immunity. Plant Cell 28: 1144–1162.

963. Zarattini, M. et al. The bile acid deoxycholate elicits defenses in Arabidopsis and reduces bacterial infection. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

964. Fan, S. et al. Identification of phenolic compounds that suppress the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae on rice via the type III secretion system. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

965. Feng, C. et al. (2016). The polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 4 (OsPGIP4), a potential component of the qBlsr5a locus, confers resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice. Planta 243: 1297–1308.

966. Cosme, M. et al. A fungal endophyte helps plants to tolerate root herbivory through changes in gibberellin and jasmonate signaling. New Phytol. in press.

研究室セミナー＆ 5/9-20 の輪読

5/2 で今年度の年間計画発表が終了したので，5/12 の研究室セミナーからは文献紹介が始まりました．5/12 は化学生態学研究室博士 1 年の武井さんの担当で，紹介した論文は Christensen, S.A. et al. (2015). Maize death acids, 9-lipoxygenase–derived cyclopente(a)nones, display activity as cytotoxic phytoalexins and transcriptional mediators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112: 11407–11412でした．5/19 は修士 2 年の武山君の担当で，紹介した論文は Chanclud, E. et al. (2016). Cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence. PLoS Pathoge. 12: e1005457 でした．

5/9-20 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

938. Zimmermann, M.R., Mithöfer, A., Will, T., Felle, H.H., and Furch, A.C.U. (2016). Herbivore-triggered electrophysiological reactions: candidates for systemic signals in higher plants and the challenge of their identification. Plant Physiol. 170: 2407–2419.

939. Li, L., Chen, X., Ma, C., Wu, H., and Qi, S. (2016). Piriformospora indica requires kaurene synthase activity for successful plant colonization. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 102: 151–160.

940. Sugano, S. et al. (2016). Rice OsVAMP714, a membrane-trafficking protein localized to the chloroplast and vacuolar membrane, is involved in resistance to rice blast disease. Plant Mol. Biol. 91: 81–95.

941. Tsou, L.K. et al. (2016). Antibacterial flavonoids from medicinal plants covalently inactivate type III protein secretion substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138: 2209–2218.

942. Chanclud, E. et al. (2016). Cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence. PLoS Pathog. 12: e1005457.

943. Yi, J. et al. (2016). OsMPK6 plays a critical role in cell differentiation during early embryogenesis in Oryza sativa. J. Exp. Bot. 67: 2425–2437.

944. Takagi, H. et al. (2016). Allantoin, a stress-related purine metabolite, can activate jasmonate signaling in a MYC2-regulated and abscisic acid-dependent manner. J. Exp. Bot. 67: 2519–2532.

945. Tian, S. et al. Plant aquaporin AtPIP1;4 links apoplastic H2O2 induction to disease immunity pathways. Plant Physiol. in press.

946. Kumari, C., Dutta, T.K., Banakar, P., and Rao, U. (2016). Comparing the defence-related gene expression changes upon root-knot nematode attack in susceptible versus resistant cultivars of rice. Sci. Rep. 6: 22846.

4/25-5/6 の輪読

4/25-5/6 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

932. Flamini, R. et al. (2016). Stilbene oligomer phytoalexins in grape as a response to A. carbonarius infection. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 93: 112–118.

933. Wang, S. et al. (2016). α-Ketol linolenic acid (KODA) application affects endogenous abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and aromatic volatiles in grapes infected by a pathogen (Glomerella cingulata). J. Plant Physiol. 192: 90–97.

934. Dastmalchi, M., Bernards, M., and Dhaubhadel, S. (2016). Twin anchors of the soybean isoflavonoid metabolon: evidence for tethering of the complex to the endoplasmic reticulum by IFS and C4H. Plant J. 85: 689–706.

935. Kim, S.H., Qi, D., Ashfield, T., Helm, M., and Innes, R.W. (2016). Using decoys to expand the recognition specificity of a plant disease resistance protein. Science 351: 684–687.

936. Pelagio-Flores, R., Ruiz-Herrera, L.F., and López-Bucio, J. Serotonin modulates Arabidopsis root growth via changes in reactive oxygen species and jasmonic acid–ethylene signaling. Physiol. Plant. in press.

937. Tamiru, M. et al. A chloroplast-localized protein LESION AND LAMINA BENDING affects defence and growth responses in rice. New Phytol. in press.

堀江清孝君の論文が Phytochemistry Letters 誌に掲載．

ブログでの報告が遅れていましたが，この 3 月に博士の学位を取得して連合大学院を修了した堀江清孝君が筆頭著者の論文がヨーロッパ植物化学会の英文誌 Phytochemistry Letters の 2016 年 3 月号に掲載されました．

Horie, K., Sakai, K., Okugi, M., Toshima, H., and Hasegawa, M. (2016). Ultraviolet-induced amides and casbene diterpenoids from rice leaves. Phytochem. Lett. 15: 57–62.

この研究成果は堀江君の博士論文研究の一部ですが，卒業生の酒井健伍君と奥木美咲さんの卒業論文の成果も含まれています．

紫外線照射したイネ葉片に含まれる二次代謝産物を LC/MS を用いてプロファイリングし，従来はイネからは知られていなかった化合物 3 つを発見しました．一つはたの植物からはすでに単離が報告されている N-ベンゾイルチラミンでした．あとの 2 つはカスベン骨格を持つ新規ジテルペン化合物で．2013 年に本研究室の井上靖乃さんが報告したフィトアレキシンである ent-10-オキソデプレッシン の生合成前駆体と考えられるものでした．また，今回発見した化合物を含めて既知のイネフィトアレキシンの蓄積量といもち病菌に対する抗菌活性を再評価し，2 種類のアミド化合物（N-ベンゾイルトリプタミン，N-シナモイルトリプタミン）がいもち病菌に対するフィトアレキシンとして機能していることも明らかにしました．

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

927. Hummel, A.W., Wilkins, K.E., Wang, L., Cernadas, R.A., and Bogdanove, A.J. A transcription activator-like effector from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola elicits dose-dependent resistance in rice. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

928. Wu, L., Wu, H., Chen, L., Zhang, H., and Gao, X. Induction of systemic disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana by the cyclodipeptides cyclo (L-Pro-L-Pro) and cyclo (D-Pro-D-Pro). Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

929. Babino, D. et al. (2016). The biochemical basis of vitamin A3 production in arthropod vision. ACS Chem. Biol. 11: 1049–1057.

930. Kettle, A.J. et al. (2016). The Fdb3 transcription factor of the Fusarium Detoxification of Benzoxazolinone gene cluster is required for MBOA but not BOA degradation in Fusarium pseudograminearum. Fungal Genet. Biol. 88: 44–53.

931. Barrios-Collado, C. et al. (2016). Capturing in vivo plant metabolism by real-time analysis of low to high molecular weight volatiles. Anal. Chem. 88: 2406–2412.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

922. Pérez-Bueno, M.L. et al. (2016). Temporal and spatial resolution of activated plant defense responses in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana infected with Dickeya dadantii. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 1209.

923. Harkenrider, M. et al. (2016). Overexpression of rice wall-associated kinase 25 (OsWAK25) alters resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens. PLoS ONE 11: e0147310.

924. Abeysekara, N.S., Swaminathan, S., Desai, N., Guo, L., and Bhattacharyya, M.K. (2016). The plant immunity inducer pipecolic acid accumulates in the xylem sap and leaves of soybean seedlings following Fusarium virguliforme infection. Plant Sci. 243: 105–114.

925. Kumar, Y. et al. Fusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics. Plant Biotechnol. J. in press.

926. Chapman, A., Lindermayr, C., and Glawischnig, E. (2016). Expression of antimicrobial peptides under control of a camalexin-biosynthetic promoter confers enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. Phytochemistry 122: 76–80.

先週の輪読

4/4 から今年度の輪読を始めました．先週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました（先週の輪読はお休み）．

917. Rodriguez-Salus, M. et al. (2016). The synthetic elicitor 2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid links plant immunity to hormesis. Plant Physiol. 170: 444–458.

918. Dobritzsch, M. et al. (2016). MATE transporter-dependent export of hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Plant Cell 28: 583–596.

919. Heiling, S. et al. (2016). Using the knowns to discover the unknowns: MS-based dereplication uncovers structural diversity in 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside defense production in the Solanaceae. Plant J. 85: 561–577.

920. Scholz, S.S., Reichelt, M., Mekonnen, D.W., Ludewig, F., and Mithöfer, A. (2015). Insect herbivory-elicited GABA accumulation in plants is a wound-induced, direct, systemic and jasmonate-independent defense response. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 1128.

921. Wei, T., Chern, M., Liu, F., and Ronald, P.C. Suppression of bacterial infection in rice by treatment with a sulfated peptide. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

新年度，日本農芸化学会，輪読

新年度が始まりました．今年度の生物制御化学研究室は修士課程の学生が 2 年生 2 名，1 年生 2 名，学部 4 年生が 4 名という体制です．

3 月 27 日～ 30 日には札幌コンベンションセンターなどで日本農芸化学会 2016 年度大会が開催され，生物制御化学研究室からは 2 題の発表を行いました．

• 3 月 29 日（火）
  
  • 3B020 イネフィトアレキシン モミラクトン A のイネいもち病菌による代謝産物の同定
    
  • ○武山恵典，平石由貴，遠藤尚，今井卓也，戸嶋浩明，長谷川守文（茨城大農）
    
• 3 月 30 日（水）
  
  • 4B068 シクロペンタン導入型 KODA 類縁体の合成研究
    
  • ○渡辺美聡，横山峰幸，長谷川守文，戸嶋浩明（茨城大農，横浜市大）
    

3/22〜3/25 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました（先週の輪読はお休み）．

913. Zeier, J. et al. (2016). Pipecolic acid orchestrates plant systemic acquired resistance and defense priming via salicylic acid-dependent and independent pathways. Plant Cell 28: 102–129.

914. Iwabuchi, K., Hidema, J., Tamura, K., Takagi, S., and Hara-Nishimura, I. (2016). Plant nuclei move to escape ultraviolet-induced DNA damage and cell death. Plant Physiol. 170: 678–685.

915. Yoshitomi, K. et al. (2016). Rice terpene synthase 24 (OsTPS24) encodes a jasmonate-responsive monoterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial γ-terpinene against rice pathogen. J. Plant Physiol. 191: 120–126.

916. Zebelo, S., Song, Y., Kloepper, J.W., and Fadamiro, H. (2016). Rhizobacteria activates (+)-δ-cadinene synthase genes and induces systemic resistance in cotton against beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). Plant Cell Environ. 39: 935–943.

堀江清孝君に博士の学位授与＆今週の輪読

3/15 に東京農工大学連合農学研究科の学位授与式が開催されました．生物制御化学研究室の堀江清孝君（残念ながら都合により学位授与式は欠席）にも博士（農学）の学位が授与されました．堀江君は修士課程は別の研究室で研究をして，その後の社会人経験を経てから博士課程に進学した学生です．3 年間だけの研究ですでに筆頭著者論文を 2 報出しており，立派な学位論文になったと思います．

今週は春休みや就職活動等で研究室にいない学生が多く，輪読は月曜日と火曜日しか行いませんでしたが，今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

911. Zhou, Z. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound MoSec62 is involved in suppression of rice immunity and is essential for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

912. Gutjahr, C. et al. (2015). Rice perception of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi requires the karrikin receptor complex. Science 350: 1521–1524.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

906. Zhang, W. et al. (2015). Omics-based comparative transcriptional profiling of two contrasting rice genotypes during early infestation by small brown planthopper. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16: 26128.

907. Khong, G.N. et al. (2015). OsMADS26 negatively regulates resistance to pathogens and drought tolerance in rice. Plant Physiol. 169: 2935–2949.

908. Spence, C., Lakshmanan, V., Donofrio, N., and Bais, H. (2015). Crucial roles of abscisic acid biogenesis in virulence of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 1082.

909. Cho, M.-H., and Lee, S.-W. (2015). Phenolic phytoalexins in rice: biological functions and biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16: 29120–29133.

910. Buffon, G. et al. (2016). Physiological and molecular alterations promoted by Schizotetranychus oryzae mite infestation in rice leaves. J. Proteome Res. 15: 431–446.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

902. Kim, M. et al. (2015). An antimicrobial peptide essential for bacterial survival in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112: 15238–15243.

903. Han, Y. et al. (2015). Differential expression profiling of the early response to Ustilaginoidea virens between false smut resistant and susceptible rice varieties. BMC Genomics 16: 955.

904. Fu, J. et al. (2016). A tandem array of ent-kaurene synthases in maize with roles in gibberellin and more specialized metabolism. Plant Physiol. 170: 742–751.

905. Tata, A. et al. (2015). Imprint desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for monitoring secondary metabolites production during antagonistic interaction of fungi. Anal. Chem. 87: 12298–12305.

三年生の実験開始，前期日程試験，今週の輪読

今週から来年度卒論配属予定の三年生 2 名が研究室に来て練習の実験を始めてもらいました．

2/25（木）は前期日程の個別学力試験が実施されて，大学構内は関係者以外立ち入り禁止となりましたので，研究室はお休みでした．

今週の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．三年生は輪読にも参加し始めてもらいました．

898. Bandoly, M., Grichnik, R., Hilker, M., and Steppuhn, A. Priming of anti-herbivore defence in Nicotiana attenuata by insect oviposition: Herbivore specific effects. Plant Cell Environ. in press.

899. Malmierca, M.G. et al. Botrydial and botcinins produced by Botrytis cinerea regulate expression of Trichoderma arundinaceum genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

900. Hrynkiewicz, K., Deka, P., Ruszkiewicz-Michalska, M., Thiem, D., and Szmidt-Jaworska, A. Interactive physiological potential of Peyronellaea curtisii (=Phoma narcissi) strains for enzymatic attack and defence capabilities against phytoalexins. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. in press.

901. Hayashi, K. et al. (2016). Serotonin attenuates biotic stress and leads to lesion browning caused by a hypersensitive response to Magnaporthe oryzae penetration in rice. Plant J. 85: 46–56.

修論・卒論発表会，研究室追いコン＆新歓，輪読

2/9（火）に資源生物科学専攻修士論文発表会が開催されました．生物制御化学研究室からは渡辺美聡さんが発表しました

• 渡辺美聡「KODA類縁体による花芽誘導機構の解明 －プローブ化を指向した新規類縁体の合成研究－」
  

2/15（月）, 16（火）に資源生物科学科卒業論文発表会が開催されました．生物制御化学研究室の四年生 3 名は 2/16 午前中の発表でした．

• 北村遼「植物ホルモン様活性を有する脂肪酸誘導体の合成研究 －12,13位環状修飾型誘導体の合成－」
  
• 福木葵「植物ホルモン様活性を有する脂肪酸誘導体の合成研究 －KODA構造異性体（D-KODA）および新規エステル型誘導体の合成－」
  
• 勝間田駿「イネいもち病菌によるフラボノイド系フィトアレキシン代謝産物の同定」
  

2/16 に開催された農業化学生態学の卒論発表の打ち上げで，投票によって決められたベストプレゼンテーションの第一位に勝間田君の発表が選ばれました．私の記憶によると，生物制御化学研究室の学生が一位になったのは初めてのことだと思います．スライドの字が大きくて読みやすく，話し方も明瞭で確かに良い発表だったと思います．

2/19（金）には生物制御化学研究室の追いコン＆新歓が大学近くの居酒屋たじまで開催されました．今年度は博士 1 名，修士 1 名が修了，四年生 3 名が卒業予定です．来年度は配属予定の新四年生 4 名，修士課程進学予定 2 で，修士課程在学 2 名と合わせて研究室の学生は 8 名になる予定です．

2/8-18 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

891. Zhai, Q. et al. (2015). Transcriptional mechanism of jasmonate receptor COI1-mediated delay of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 27: 2814–2828.

892. Boachon, B. et al. (2015). CYP76C1 (cytochrome P450)-mediated linalool metabolism and the formation of volatile and soluble linalool oxides in Arabidopsis flowers: a strategy for defense against floral antagonists. Plant Cell 27: 2972–2990.

893. Lee, G., Chung, M.-S., Kang, M., Chung, B., and Lee, S. Direct suppression of a rice bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) by monoterpene (S)-limonene. Protoplasma in press.

894. Ding, X. et al. (2015). Priming maize resistance by its neighbours: activating 1,4-benzoxazine-3-ones synthesis and defence gene expression to alleviate leaf disease. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 830.

895. Shabuer, G. et al. (2015). Plant pathogenic anaerobic bacteria use aromatic polyketides to access aerobic territory. Science 350: 670–674.

896. Huang, W.-K., Ji, H.-L., Gheysen, G., and Kyndt, T. Thiamine-induced priming against root-knot nematode infection in rice involves lignification and hydrogen peroxide generation. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

897. Blake, S.N., Barry, K.M., Gill, W.M., Reid, J.B., and Foo, E. The role of strigolactones and ethylene in disease caused by Pythium irregulare. Mol. Plant Pathol. in press.

修論・卒論発表直前＆今週の輪読

今週は修士論文発表練習会や予備審査会が開催されて，いよいよ来週 2/9 が修論発表会の本番です．卒業論文発表会は再来週 2/15, 16 に予定されていて，こちらもラストスパートの時期になっています．

今週の輪読では以下の論文を取り上げました．

887. Venturelli, S. et al. (2015). Plants release precursors of histone deacetylase inhibitors to suppress growth of competitors. Plant Cell 27: 3175–3189.

888. Tzin, V. et al. (2015). Dynamic maize responses to aphid feeding are revealed by a time series of transcriptomic and metabolomic assays. Plant Physiol. 169: 1727–1743.

889. Etalo, D.W., De Vos, R.C.H., Joosten, M.H.A.J., and Hall, R.D. (2015). Spatially resolved plant metabolomics: some potentials and limitations of laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry metabolite imaging. Plant Physiol. 169: 1424–1435.

890. Gasperini, D. et al. (2015). Axial and radial oxylipin transport. Plant Physiol. 169: 2244–2254.

今週の輪読

今週の輪読では以下の論文を取り上げました．

884. Lee, B., Park, Y.-S., Lee, S., Song, G.C., and Ryu, C.-M. (2016). Bacterial RNAs activate innate immunity in Arabidopsis. New Phytol. 209: 785–797.

885. Wang, G.-F. et al. (2015). Maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat Rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response. Plant Physiol. 169: 2230–2243.

886. Marcos, R. et al. (2015). 9-Lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins activate brassinosteroid signaling to promote cell wall-based defense and limit pathogen infection. Plant Physiol. 169: 2324–2334.

堀江清孝君の学位論文発表会＆2015/12/28-2016/1/22 の輪読

1/21（木）に遺伝子実験施設 1 階の研修セミナー室で連合農学研究科博士課程 3 年の堀江清孝君の学位論文発表会が開催されました．堀江君の研究成果はイネのフィトアレキシンの構造の多様性を明らかにした重要な研究で，博士課程から新たに研究を始めた 3 年間の研究としてはかなり充実した結果が得られています．

2015/12/28〜2016/1/22 の輪読では下記の論文を取り上げました．

871. Soliman, S. et al. (2015). An endophyte constructs fungicide-containing extracellular barriers for its host plant. Curr. Biol. 25: 2570–2576.

872. Pimentel-Elardo, S.M. et al. (2015). Activity-independent discovery of secondary metabolites using chemical elicitation and cheminformatic inference. ACS Chem. Biol. 10: 2616–2623.

873. Cho, J.-G. et al. (2015). Diterpenes from the roots of Oryza sativa L. and their inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Chem. Biodiversity 12: 1356–1364.

874. Goto, S. et al. Development of disease-resistant rice by pathogen-responsive expression of WRKY45. Plant Biotechnol. J. in press.

875. Xu, X.-H. et al. (2015). Friend or foe: differential responses of rice to invasion by mutualistic or pathogenic fungi revealed by RNAseq and metabolite profiling. Sci. Rep. 5: 13624.

876. Ueno, Y. et al. (2015). Abiotic stresses antagonize the rice defence pathway through the tyrosine-dephosphorylation of OsMPK6. PLoS Pathogens 11: e1005231.

877. Wolkenstein, K., Sun, H., Falk, H., and Griesinger, C. (2015). Structure and absolute configuration of Jurassic polyketide-derived spiroborate pigments obtained from microgram quantities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137: 13460–13463.

878. Fang, M. et al. (2015). Thermal degradation of small molecules: a global metabolomic investigation. Anal. Chem. 87: 10935–10941.

879. Lin, B. et al. (2016). A novel nematode effector suppresses plant immunity by activating host reactive oxygen species-scavenging system. New Phytol. 209: 1159–1173.

880. Mao, H., Liu, J., Ren, F., Peters, R.J., and Wang, Q. (2016). Characterization of CYP71Z18 indicates a role in maize zealexin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 121: 4–10.

881. García-Cristobal, J., García-Villaraco, A., Ramos, B., Gutierrez-Mañero, J., and Lucas, J.A. (2015). Priming of pathogenesis related-proteins and enzymes related to oxidative stress by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on rice plants upon abiotic and biotic stress challenge. J. Plant Physiol. 188: 72–79.

882. Li, Y., Kim, J.I., Pysh, L., and Chapple, C. (2015). Four isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumarate: CoA ligase have overlapping yet distinct roles in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Physiol. 169: 2409–2421.

883. Yamamura, C. et al. (2015). Diterpenoid phytoalexin factor, a bHLH transcription factor, plays a central role in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice. Plant J. 84: 1100–1113.